Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, and results in disability. ALS usually begins in the hands or feet and spreads to other parts of the body.

Weakness in the hands and lower limbs, Tripping or falling, Muscle cramps or twitching, Difficulty maintaining a good posture, Difficulty walking and performing activities of daily living, Difficulty chewing or swallowing, Slurred speech

Genetic mutation, Family history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Disorganised immune response, Altered brain chemistry with higher levels of glutamate, Protein mishandling and accumulation of these abnormal proteins

People in their 40s to 60s, Being a male, Family history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Cigarette smoking, Exposure to environmental toxin such as lead, Occupations at risk of exposure to certain environmental toxins, infections, intense exertion or traumatic injuries such as military personnels

Medical history, Physical examination, Blood tests to rule out other possible causes of signs and symptoms, Urinalysis to rule out other possible causes of signs and symptoms, Nerve conduction study, Electromyogram, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of brain and spinal cord, Lumbar puncture, Muscle biopsy

Oral medications such as riluzole and edaravone, Physical therapy, Occupational therapy, Speech therapy, Breathing care such as bi-level positive airway pressure, continuous positive airway pressure, respirator and tracheostomy, Nutritional support, Psychological and social support