Thank you for your questions. The following answers regarding your current queries are just general descriptions. Click on this link (DoctorOnCall) for a private consultation with our doctors.

1. Catheterization :
   a) urinary - a latex, polyurethane , or silicone tube known as a urinary catheter is inserted into the bladder through the urethra. Catheterization allows urine to drain from the bladder for collection. It may also be used to inject liquids used for treatment or diagnosis of bladder conditions.
   b) cardiac- procedure used to diagnose and treat certain cardiovascular conditions. During cardiac catheterization, a long thin tube called a catheter is inserted in an artery or vein in your groin, neck or arm and threaded through your blood vessels to your heart.

2. Venepuncture: the process of obtaining intravenous access – most commonly for the purpose of blood sampling. A hollow needle is inserted through the skin and into a superficial vein (typically in the cubital fossa of the forearm). Blood is then collected into evacuated tubes.

3. Dilation and curretage : A dilation and curettage procedure, also called a D&C, is a surgical procedure in which the cervix (lower, narrow part of the uterus) is dilated (expanded) so that the uterine lining (endometrium) can be scraped with a curette (spoon-shaped instrument) to remove abnormal tissues.

4. Cervical polypectomy : Cervical polyps are removed with an instrument called polyp forceps. This instrument is used to grasp the base of the polyp and the polyp is removed with a gentle twisting motion.

5. Diathermy : the use of high frequency alternate polarity radio-wave electrical current to cut or coagulate tissue during surgery. It allows for precise incisions to be made with limited blood loss and is now used in nearly all surgical disciplines.

6. Hysteroscopy : a procedure that allows your doctor to look inside your uterus in order to diagnose and treat causes of abnormal bleeding. It is done by using a hysteroscope, a thin, lighted tube that is inserted into the vagina to examine the cervix and inside of the uterus.

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